Sinclair-Desgagné v. Attorney-General of Canada
2025 QCCS 2556
Superior Court
Civil Chambers
CANADA
PROVINCE OF QUEBEC
DISTRICT OF TERREBONNE
N°: 700-17-021527-253
DATE: July 14, 2025
Presiding: The Honorable Éric Dufour, J.C.S.
NATHALIE SINCLAIR-DESGAGNÉ
Applicant
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA
and
CHIEF ELECTORAL OFFICER OF CANADA
and
RETURNING OFFICER FOR THE ELECTORAL DISTRICT OF TERREBONNE
and
TATIANA AUGUSTE
and
MAXIME BEAUDOIN
and
MARIA CANTORE
and
ADRIENNE CHARLES
and
BENJAMIN RANKIN
Respondents
Judgment on Application to Strike a Notice of Appearance and Application de Benne Esse for Relief from Default
(s. 524(2) of the Canada Elections Act and s. 84 CCP)
[1] Following the April 28, 2025 federal election and a subsequent judicial recount, Tatiana Auguste (Auguste), the Liberal Party of Canada candidate, became the Member of Parliament for the electoral district of Terrebonne. A single vote seperated her from her closest rival, Nathalie Sinclair-Desgagné (Sinclair-Desgagné), the Bloc Québecois candidate.
[2] On May 23, 2025, Sinclair-Desgagné filed an application to contest the Auguste's election pursuant to s. 524 of the Canada Elections Act1. As required by the Elections Act, she served the application on each candidate in the election.
[3] On June 11, 2025, Adrienne Charles (Charles), the Conservative Party of Canada candidate, filed and served a document similar to a Notice of Appearance. However, the Elections Act provides for a fifteen day time limit, giving a deadline of June 9, according to Auguste. Auguste opposes Charles' participation in Sinclair-Desgagné's application by reason of the two-day delay.
[4] Charles opposes the motion to strike her Notice of Appearance and applies for relief from default if necessary.
[5] The Court pronounces judgment on these two motions.
Analysis
[6] The Elections Act provides that:
- La Loi électorale du Canada
- PARTIE 20 - Contestation de l'élection
- 522 (1) La validité de l'élection d'un candidat ne peut être contestée que sous le régime de la présente partie.
- (2) La présentation d'une requête en contestation d'élection n'a aucun effet sur les droits et obligations des candidats à l'élection en question.
- 524 (1) Tout électeur qui était habile à voter dans une circonscription et tout candidat dans celle-ci peuvent, par requête, contester devant le tribunal compétent l'élection qui y a été tenue pour les motifs suivants :
- a) inéligibilité du candidat élu au titre de l'article 65;
- b) irrégularité, fraude, manœuvre frauduleuse ou acte illégal ayant influé sur le résultat de l'élection.
- (2) La contestation ne peut être fondée sur les motifs prévus au paragraphe 301(2) pour un dépouillement judiciaire.
- 525 (1) La juridiction siégeant dans le district judiciaire où se trouve, en tout ou en partie, la circonscription en cause ou la Cour fédérale constituent le tribunal compétent pour entendre la requête.
- (2) Au paragraphe (1), juridiction s'entend de :
- (...)
- b) au Québec, la Cour supérieure;
- (...)
- (3) La requête est instruite sans délai et selon la procédure sommaire; le tribunal peut toutefois entendre des témoins lors de l'audition dans des circonstances particulières.
- 526 (1) La requête est accompagnée d'un cautionnement pour frais de 1 000 $ et est signifiée au procureur général du Canada, au directeur général des élections, au directeur du scrutin de la circonscription en cause et aux candidats de celle-ci.
- 527 La requête en contestation fondée sur l'alinéa 524(1)b) doit être présentée dans les trente jours suivant la date de la publication dans la Gazette du Canada du résultat de l'élection contestée ou, si elle est postérieure, la date à laquelle le requérant a appris, ou aurait dû savoir, que les irrégularité, fraude, manœuvre frauduleuse ou acte illégal allégués ont été commis.
- (...)
- 529 Les personnes visées au paragraphe 526(1) disposent de quinze jours après la signification de la requête pour déposer au tribunal un avis de comparution si elles veulent participer à la procédure.
- 530 Dans toute requête en contestation, la déclaration écrite du directeur du scrutin constitue, sauf preuve contraire, une preuve suffisante de la tenue de l'élection et du fait que tout individu désigné dans cette déclaration y a été candidat.
- Canada Elections Act
- PART 20 - Contested Elections
- 522 (1) The validity of the election of a candidate may not be contested otherwise than in accordance with this Part.
- (2) The making of an application to contest an election does not affect any right or obligation of a candidate in that election.
- 524 (1) Any elector who was eligible to vote in an electoral district, and any candidate in an electoral district, may, by application to a competent court, contest the election in that electoral district on the grounds that
- (a) under section 65 the elected candidate was not eligible to be a candidate; or
- (b) there were irregularities, fraud or corrupt or illegal practices that affected the result of the election.
- (2) An application may not be made on the grounds for which a recount may be requested under subsection 301(2).
- 525 (1) The following courts are competent courts for the purposes of this Part:
- (a) a court listed in subsection (2) that has jurisdiction in all or part of the electoral district in question; and
- (b) the Federal Court.
- (2) For the purposes of paragraph (1)(a), the courts are
- (...)
- (b) in the Province of Quebec, the Superior Court;
- (...)
- (3) An application shall be dealt with without delay and in a summary way. The court may, however, allow oral evidence to be given at the hearing of the application in specific circumstances.
- 526 (1) An application must be accompanied by security for costs in the amount of $1,000, and must be served on the Attorney General of Canada, the Chief Electoral Officer, the returning officer of the electoral district in question and all the candidates in that electoral district.
-
527 An application based on a ground set out in paragraph 524(1)(b) must be filed within 30 days after the later of
- (a) the day on which the result of the contested election is published in the Canada Gazette, and
- (b) the day on which the applicant first knew or should have known of the occurrence of the alleged irregularity, fraud, corrupt practice or illegal practice.
- (...)
- 529 Any person referred to in subsection 526(1) may, within 15 days after being served with the application, file with the court a notice of appearance if he or she wishes to take part in the proceedings.
- 530 In a proceeding in relation to an application, the written statement of the returning officer is, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, sufficient evidence of the holding of the election and of any person named in the certificate having been a candidate.
[7] The sparse case law in this area does not assist the Court in the interpretation and application of these sections of the law. The parties have not submitted any authority or precedents on s. 529 of the Elections Act or, more specifically, the consequence of defaulting on the specified time limits.
[8] In Québec however, the courts have found that the Code of Civil Procedure provides for procedural rules which are omitted from the Elections Act. Other procedural rules can undoubtedly be adapted in applications arising in other jurisdictions, including in the Federal Court. In Larocque c. Wilson-Raybould2, the Court wrote:
- [50] D'entrée de jeu, réglons une chose : l'application du Code de procédure civile.
- [51] Plus tôt au cours de la gestion du dossier, monsieur Larocque a soulevé l'inconstitutionnalité de ce Code, en lien avec son recours. Il a été débouté par le juge Casgrain, sur ce sujet.
- [52] Peu importe le contexte dans lequel cela s'est produit, lorsqu'il soulève de nouveau cet argument devant nous, cette fois, dans le cadre des demandes de rejet, il ne soumet aucune autorité si argumentation sur le sujet.
- [53] Comme le recours est déposé devant notre Cour, conformément à l'article 522 de la LEC, et que depuis le début, il est régi par le Code de procédure civile, et comme rien dans la LEC n'exclue comme telle l'application de ce Code, il n'y a pas lieu de donner suite à son argument.
- [54] Toutefois, la LEC prévoit des motifs de contestation et de rejet et il est clair que ce sont les dispositions spécifiques de cette loi qu'il nous faut étudier; ils ont priorité sur des dispositions générales prévues au Code de procédure civile.
- [50] To begin, let us settle one matter: the application of the Code of Civil Procedure.
- [51] In an earlier stage of litigation, Mr. Larocque questioned the constitutionality of the applicability of the Code to his application. Justice Casgrain dismissed this question of constitutionality.
- [52] Little turns on the context of that decision. Larocque raises this question anew on this motion to dismiss but he submits no authority nor argument on this subject.
- [53] This application is being heard by this Court under s. 522 of the CEA. This application has governed by the Code of Civil Procedure from the beginnning and nothing in the CEA excludes the application of the Code. There is no reason to give effect to Larocque's argument.
- [54] In contrast, the CEA provides for grounds to contest an election and reasons to dismiss such an application; these provisions take priority over of those of the more generic Code of Civil Procedure.
[References omitted by the Court]
[9] Other decisions from this Court have applied the Code of Civil Procedure during Elections Act applications. In Normand v. Couillard3, an application for judicial recount, the Court found that the Code of Civil Procedure applies to cross-examinations. Similarly, in Marchand v. Beausoleil4, Code of Civil Procedure provisions guided the award of costs prescribed by s. 309(1) of the Elections Act. In brief, where the Elections Act does not provide for a specific procedure to follow, the procedure of the jurisdiction where contested election application is brought apply. In this application, the Code of Civil Procedure of Québec applies.
[10] This interpration conforms to s. 8.1 of the Interpretation Act5, which provides:
8.1 Le droit civil et la common law font pareillement autorité et sont tous deux sources de droit en matière de propriété et de droits civils au Canada et, s'il est nécessaire de recourir à des règles, principes ou notions appartenant au domaine de la propriété et des droits civils en vue d'assurer l'application d'un texte dans une province, il faut, sauf règle de droit s'y opposant, avoir recours aux règles, principes et notions en vigueur dans cette province au moment de l'application du texte.
8.1 Both the common law and the civil law are equally authoritative and recognized sources of the law of property and civil rights in Canada and, unless otherwise provided by law, if in interpreting an enactment it is necessary to refer to a province's rules, principles or concepts forming part of the law of property and civil rights, reference must be made to the rules, principles and concepts in force in the province at the time the enactment is being applied.
[Highlighting added by the Court]
[11] Québec civil procedure can thus be applied to applications a quo; Côte and Devinat support this view in an essay on interpretation6.
[12] The s. 145 CCP time limit to respond to an originating application is not strict and a court can, by virtue of s. 84 CCP, relieve a party from default depending on the circumstances, with regards to the interests of justice.
84. Un délai que le Code qualifie de rigueur ne peut être prolongé que si le tribunal est convaincu que la partie concernée a été en fait dans l'impossibilité d'agir plus tôt. Tout autre délai peut, si le tribunal l'estime nécessaire, être prolongé ou, en cas d'urgence, abrégé par lui. Lorsqu'il prolonge un délai, le tribunal peut relever une partie des conséquences du défaut de le respecter.
84. A time limit described by this Code as a strict time limit cannot be extended unless the court is convinced that it was impossible in fact for the party concerned to act sooner. If the court considers it necessary, any other time limit may be extended or, in an urgent situation, shortened by the court. When the court extends a time limit, it may relieve a party from the consequences of failing to comply with the original time limit.
[13] Auguste applies a strict interpretation of the Elections Act. She relies on her reading of s. 529 in her motion to strike Charles' Notice of Appearance. She refers the Court to McEwing v. Canada (Attorney General)7, where the Federal Court found that a court cannot extend the strict time limit - the Federal Court preferred the term mandatory - set by s. 527 of the Elections Act.
[14] Charles relies on Opitz8 in her response to the motion to strike her Notice of Appearance for the proposition to interpret the statute broadly:
- 3. En l'occurrence, la « Loi [électorale] a pour objet principal de préserver l'intégrité du processus démocratique ». De plus, « [l]'application équitable et uniforme des mesures de contrôle prévues par la Loi [électorale] contribue à accroître la confiance du public ».
- 4. Il serait conséquemment contraire à l'objectif du législateur qu'une candidate de la circonscription électorale visée par les procédures se voit refusée de participer au débat judiciaire, au seul motif qu'elle a comparu deux jours seulement après l'expiration du Délai de comparution. La confiance du public en serait autrement fortement ébranlée.
- 3. In this case, "[p]rotecting the integrity of the democratic process is also a central purpose of the Act." Furthermore, "[f]air and consistent observance of the statutory safeguards serves to enhance the public's faith and confidence."
- 4. Consequently, it would be contrary to the objectives of the legislature to prevent a candidate in an electoral district from participating in the judicial process for the sole reason that they missed missed the deadline by two days. The faith and confidence of the public would also be undermined.
[15] After careful consideration, it would be appropriate to apply s. 84 CCP and dismiss Auguste's application.
[16] Admittedly, s. 525 of the Elections Act provides that a contested election application should be determined without delay and in a summary way, reflecting the legislature's intention that the population of an electoral district know as quickly as possible the result of such a dispute. Parliament must proceed to its work with the member of Parliament who actually won. For example, see s. 527 of the Elections Act which imposes a mandatory time limit to file an application.
[17] However, the strictness of s. 527 cannot be found in s. 529, which imposes a fifteen day time limit on to file a Notice of Appearance on parties served with a contested election application. The words of these two sections differ. Charlies argues that s. 527 imposes a strict time limit which is confirmed by the word "must" in the English version of the Elections Act. By contrast, the word "may" is found in s. 529. This difference is not insignificant because, as commonly known, Legislature does not use words without intention.
[18] Recall that s. 526 of the Elections Act requires service on each candidate in the election, highlighting the importance of giving them the chance to participate in the application.
[19] In summary, the Court reject's Ms. Auguste's suggestion that s. 529 of the Elections Act receives the same interpretation as s. 527 in regards to their time limits.
[20] Furthermore, a minor two-day default of a time limit, which neither the Elections Act nor the Code of Civil Procedure establish as strict, does not frustrate the goal of a rapid hearing nor does it prejudice anyone. In fact, the Court has established a strict timeline of the various procedural steps leading up to the hearing on the merits which includes Ms. Charles' participation.
[21] This decision, which respects of the rights of the parties in a judicial dispute, would have also been reached under common law in other jurisdictions:
Aucune version française disponible.
The Rules are meant to assist in the administration of justice, not to introduce rigid technicalities into the law and thereby prevent the court from meting out full justice to litigants. Instead, the Rules are intended to protect litigants from being treated unfairly. Failure to comply with the Rules may be a mere irregularity, meaning that non-compliance does not render a proceeding or a step, document or order in a proceeding a nullity. Rather, the court may grant all necessary amendments, or other relief, on such terms as are appropriate or necessary to secure the just determination of the real matters in dispute. In British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario and P.E.I., all defects are characterized as irregularities that may be resolved by way of a nunc pro tunc order where it is not unjust to make such an order. The Alberta and Saskatchewan Rules are stricter: the court must not cure a contravention, non-compliance or irregularity unless: (a) doing so would cause no irreparable harm to any party; (b) the court imposes terms or conditions to eliminate or ameliorate any reparable harm, or prevent the recurrence of the contravention, non-compliance or irregularity; (c) the court imposes any suitable sanction on the party that failed to obey the Rules; and (d) it is in the overall interests of justice to cure the contravention, non-compliance or irregularity.9
[Highlighting added by the Court]
[22] The Court concludes that Charles may participate in Auguste's contested election application and grants relief from default of the fifteen day time limit provided by the legislature in s. 529 of the Elections Act.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT:
[23] DISMISSES Tatiana Auguste's application to strike Adrienne Charles' Notice of Appearance;
[24] RELIEVES Adrienne Charles from the failure to file her Notice of Appearance within the deadline set by s. 529 of Elections Act;
[25] COSTS are to be determined.
__________________________________
ÉRIC DUFOUR, J.C.S.
Date of hearing: July 11, 2025
Me. Stéphane Chatigny
FORTIER D'AMOUR GOYETTE
Counsel for the Applicant
Me. Daniel Baum
Me. Geneviève Claveau
LANGLOIS AVOCATS, SENCRL
Counsel for the Respondents Chief Electoral Officer of Canada and the Returning Officer for the Electoral District of Terrebonne
Me. Marc-Étienne Vien
ST-AMAND & VIEN AVOCATS D'AFFAIRES
Counsel for the Respondents Tatiana Auguste
Madame Camille Trudel, Articling Student
DELEGATUS SERVICES JURIDIQUES INC.
Representative for the Respondent Maxime Beaudoin
Me Marie-Ève Labonté
Me Chris Semerjian
FASKEN MARTINEAU DUMOULIN, SENCRL, SRL
Counsel for the Respondent Adrienne Charles
- 1. LC 2000, c. 9 (Elections Act).
- 2. 2017 QCCS 5229.
- 3. 2015 QCCS 5579, para. 32.
- 4. 2019 QCCS 4802.
- 5. LRC 1985, c. I-21
- 6. Pierre-André CÔTÉ and Mathieu DEVINAT. Interprétation des lois, 5th ed. Montreal, Thémis, 2021, para. 1205.
- 7. 2013 FC 525 (CanLII), 2013 F.C.R. 63, para. 87. See also Klevering v. Canada (Attorney General), 2015 FCA 152, para. 16.
- 8. Opitz v. Wrzesnewskyj, 2012 SCC 55, para. 38.
- 9. Halsbury's Laws of Canada – Civil procedure (2021 Reissue), ed. 2012 by Linda S. ABRAMS, Kevin P, McGUINESS, Heather MacIVOR and Jay BRECHER. LexisNexis Canada. Updated 2021. Para. HCV-36 (LAd/QL).